АДЫГЭБЗЭ
قسم خاص للتعليم اللغة الشركسية قريبآ
English ------------------------------ АдыгабзэGood morning! -------------- Уипчэдыжь шIу
Good day! ----------- Уимафэ шIу!
Good evening! -------- Уипчыхьэ шIу
Thank You! -------- Тхьауегъэпсэу!
Thanks ------- Опсэу
Lesson (II) Circassian Alphabet - how do we read this
In Circassian
language there are 7 vowels and 57 phonemes:
The following sounds have the corresponding in English.
The following sounds have the corresponding in English.
А
а = A (in the word 'after')
Б б = b (in the word 'bear')
В в = v ('voice')
Г г = g ('gain')
Д д = d ('dear')
Дж дж = j ('job')
Е е = ye ('yellow')
З = z ('zero')
И = ee ('bee')
Й = y (‘today’)
К = c ('cat')
Л = l ('leg')
М = m ('man')
Н = n ('new')
О = o ('box')
П = p ('pen')
С = s ('seven')
Т = t ('ten')
У = oo ('cool')
Ф = f ('fast')
Х = h ('help')
Ч = ch ('cheese')
Ш = sh ('shop')
Э = a ('glass')
Ю = you ('you')
Я = you ('young')
Б б = b (in the word 'bear')
В в = v ('voice')
Г г = g ('gain')
Д д = d ('dear')
Дж дж = j ('job')
Е е = ye ('yellow')
З = z ('zero')
И = ee ('bee')
Й = y (‘today’)
К = c ('cat')
Л = l ('leg')
М = m ('man')
Н = n ('new')
О = o ('box')
П = p ('pen')
С = s ('seven')
Т = t ('ten')
У = oo ('cool')
Ф = f ('fast')
Х = h ('help')
Ч = ch ('cheese')
Ш = sh ('shop')
Э = a ('glass')
Ю = you ('you')
Я = you ('young')
Phonemes
Р
р
Is a bit similar to the English 'r' ('ring') but the tongue should touch the salient under the teethes and make a vibration. Is similar to Russian "р" or Arabian "r"
Гу гу
Close to г with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation , as under 'oo' (look) in English. Is Read closely to 'go..' in English but sounds are pronounced simultaneously and 'у' does not serve here for forming the slab. For example: in the words 'гъогу' and 'джэгу' - one slab (heard "гъог", "джэг", but with lips truncation at the end of the word).
Example: гу - heart; гуащэ - princess / mother-in-law; джэгу - wedding.
Гъ гъ
Close to г but more long, deep and pronounced with the vibration of the larynx lug. A bit similar to the French and to the German 'r'.
Example: гъогу - road; тыгъэ - sun; гъэмафэ - summer; лагъэ - high; гъэжъуагъэ - boiled.
Гъу гъу
Close to гъ but labializated i.e. is accompanied with additional lips truncation, as under 'oo' ('look'). The lips are extended and rounded.
Example: ныбджэгъу - friend; лъэгъун - see.
Дз дз
Close to дз, but the sounds meets in united sound
Example: дзэ - army, дзын - throw.
Ж
Close to 'sh' ('shop') but pronounced with voice.
Example: жэ - mouth, жакIэ - beard зубы
Жъ жъ
Average between 'з' and 'ж. The narrow slot is formed between language and the tubercle on upper teeths. Air passing through this slot produces something average between whistle and hum.
Example: жъы - old; шкIэхъужъ - goby.
Жъу жъу
Close to жъ but with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation . The Air gets through slot of round lips.
Example: Iужъу - thick;, гъэжъуагъэ - boiled.
Жь жь
Is Pronounced as ж, but more long and softly.
Example: фыжьы - white, плъыжьы - red, ныбжьыкIэ - young,
Ку ку
Labialized к. Close to combination 'coo..' ('cool'), but is pronounced together.
Example: ку - cart; кIакор - jacket; куу - deep.
Къ къ
Close to к, but is pronounced deeply in larynxes, "by the larynx top". The joining occurs at pronunciation and joining in larynxes between vocal cordses.
Example: къэшIэн - guess; къины - difficult.
Къу къу
The labialized къ.
Example: цуакъо - footwear;, къуадж - aul, village.
КI кI
Hard laryngeal sound. Close to к but accompanied with additional vocal cordses articulation, which is at the beginning of sound closed, and at the end are opened, publishing noise. Average between 'k' ('key') and 'ch' ('child') but more deep and forced.
Example: кIалэ-boy; нэкIы - empty; укIын - kill; IукIэн - meet; ныбжьыкIэ - young.
КIу кIу (КIo кIo)
Labializated кI
Example: кIон - go;
Л л
More soft than English l.
Example: лы - meat, лагъэ - plate.
Лъ лъ
Long, deaf, with no voice. A bit close to Л. The air passes through lateral slots between tongue and cheek inner face forming the intensive sound reminiscent hissing. Average between l('long') and sh ('shop').
Example: лъакъо - leg, шIу лъэгъун - love, лъапIэ - expensive, лъэгъун - see, плъыжьы - red, лъагъэ - high
ЛI лI
Lateral, noisy, without aspiration. Close to лъ + vocal cordses additional articulation, which at the end of the sound are opened with noise.
Example: лIы - husband, плIы - four
ПI пI
Close to п + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise. The Lips under its pronunciation close tightly and tear the air, pronunciation its is accompanied the aspiration.
Example: лъапIэ - expensive; чIыпIэ - place; еджапIэ - school.
ПIу пIу
It Is Pronounced as пI but with presence an labialization ии.
Example: пIуакIэ - fluid.
ТI тI
Close to т + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise.
Example: шхъуантIэ - blue; тIысын - to sit.
ТIу тIу
Close to тI but with labialization.
Example: тIу- two; тIупщын - let go.
Хъ хъ
Has certain resemblance with English 'h' (heart), but more locked. The air blast is directed little skyward, and makes the lurinx lug to vibrate. Or as гъ but deaf, without voice.
Example: пхъашэ - hard; техъагъу - shivering.
Хъу хъу
Labialized хъ
Example: шыпхъу-sister; хъун - become; шхъуантIэ - blue,
Хь хь
Close to English 'h' (heart), but pronounced softly, with lips articulation, which corresponds to pronunciation vowel and in English.
Example: тхьакIум - ear; кушъхьэ - mountain; сыхьат - hour.
Ц
Close to combination 'ts' ('bats'), but should be pronounced together.
Example: лыпцэ - muscle, цэ-teeth
Цу цу
Labialized ц. Close to English 'ts' ('tso').
Example: цуабзэ - plowshare; цуакъо - footwear.
ЦI цI
Close to ц + vocal cordses additional articulation, which herewith do not publish any sound and occurs the unswitching of speech organs with noise at the end of the sound.
Example: цIыфы -person; пцIы усын - defraud.
Чъ чъ
Close to ч. At breaking point of close organs larynxes is got sharp, staccato snapping sound.
Example: чъыгы - tree; чъэн - run.
ЧI чI
Close to ч + additional joining of vocal cordses, which are opened at the end of sound, publishing typical noise.
Example: чIыгу - land; упчIэн - ask.
Шъ шъ
Close to жъ but with no voice and more tense exhalation with aspiration.
Reminds 'sh' ('shop'). The Lips mildly ajar, tip of language mildly elated to the tubercle above the teeths. Air passes between tip of language and larynxes upper wall.
Example: шъхьэ - head; пшъашъэ - girl.
Шъу шъу
Labialized шъ.
Example: шъузы - wife; уцышъо~green.
ШI шI
Close to ш + the additional joining of vocal cordses, which at the end of sound are opened adding special tone.
Example: къэшIэн - guess; шIын - do, build; пшIы - ten.
ШIу шIу
Labialized шI. At sound termination lip accepting position as during prononcing 'oo' ('look'), form the slots betwen the lips air passes creating the additional noise reminiscent deaf whistle.
Example: шIу лъэгъун - like; IэшIу - sweet, tasty; шIои - dirty.
I
Laryngeal abruptive. The unswitching of close vocal cordses is formed with voice.
Example: Iэ -hand; иIэн - have; IэшIу - sweet, tasty.
Iу
Labialized I
Example: Iон - say; IукIэн - meet; Iужъу - thick.
Before to start reading the sections make sure that you correcttly understand this chapter and may correctly read the Circassian sounds.
Is a bit similar to the English 'r' ('ring') but the tongue should touch the salient under the teethes and make a vibration. Is similar to Russian "р" or Arabian "r"
Гу гу
Close to г with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation , as under 'oo' (look) in English. Is Read closely to 'go..' in English but sounds are pronounced simultaneously and 'у' does not serve here for forming the slab. For example: in the words 'гъогу' and 'джэгу' - one slab (heard "гъог", "джэг", but with lips truncation at the end of the word).
Example: гу - heart; гуащэ - princess / mother-in-law; джэгу - wedding.
Гъ гъ
Close to г but more long, deep and pronounced with the vibration of the larynx lug. A bit similar to the French and to the German 'r'.
Example: гъогу - road; тыгъэ - sun; гъэмафэ - summer; лагъэ - high; гъэжъуагъэ - boiled.
Гъу гъу
Close to гъ but labializated i.e. is accompanied with additional lips truncation, as under 'oo' ('look'). The lips are extended and rounded.
Example: ныбджэгъу - friend; лъэгъун - see.
Дз дз
Close to дз, but the sounds meets in united sound
Example: дзэ - army, дзын - throw.
Ж
Close to 'sh' ('shop') but pronounced with voice.
Example: жэ - mouth, жакIэ - beard зубы
Жъ жъ
Average between 'з' and 'ж. The narrow slot is formed between language and the tubercle on upper teeths. Air passing through this slot produces something average between whistle and hum.
Example: жъы - old; шкIэхъужъ - goby.
Жъу жъу
Close to жъ but with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips truncation . The Air gets through slot of round lips.
Example: Iужъу - thick;, гъэжъуагъэ - boiled.
Жь жь
Is Pronounced as ж, but more long and softly.
Example: фыжьы - white, плъыжьы - red, ныбжьыкIэ - young,
Ку ку
Labialized к. Close to combination 'coo..' ('cool'), but is pronounced together.
Example: ку - cart; кIакор - jacket; куу - deep.
Къ къ
Close to к, but is pronounced deeply in larynxes, "by the larynx top". The joining occurs at pronunciation and joining in larynxes between vocal cordses.
Example: къэшIэн - guess; къины - difficult.
Къу къу
The labialized къ.
Example: цуакъо - footwear;, къуадж - aul, village.
КI кI
Hard laryngeal sound. Close to к but accompanied with additional vocal cordses articulation, which is at the beginning of sound closed, and at the end are opened, publishing noise. Average between 'k' ('key') and 'ch' ('child') but more deep and forced.
Example: кIалэ-boy; нэкIы - empty; укIын - kill; IукIэн - meet; ныбжьыкIэ - young.
КIу кIу (КIo кIo)
Labializated кI
Example: кIон - go;
Л л
More soft than English l.
Example: лы - meat, лагъэ - plate.
Лъ лъ
Long, deaf, with no voice. A bit close to Л. The air passes through lateral slots between tongue and cheek inner face forming the intensive sound reminiscent hissing. Average between l('long') and sh ('shop').
Example: лъакъо - leg, шIу лъэгъун - love, лъапIэ - expensive, лъэгъун - see, плъыжьы - red, лъагъэ - high
ЛI лI
Lateral, noisy, without aspiration. Close to лъ + vocal cordses additional articulation, which at the end of the sound are opened with noise.
Example: лIы - husband, плIы - four
ПI пI
Close to п + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise. The Lips under its pronunciation close tightly and tear the air, pronunciation its is accompanied the aspiration.
Example: лъапIэ - expensive; чIыпIэ - place; еджапIэ - school.
ПIу пIу
It Is Pronounced as пI but with presence an labialization ии.
Example: пIуакIэ - fluid.
ТI тI
Close to т + vocal cordses additional articulation forming joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise.
Example: шхъуантIэ - blue; тIысын - to sit.
ТIу тIу
Close to тI but with labialization.
Example: тIу- two; тIупщын - let go.
Хъ хъ
Has certain resemblance with English 'h' (heart), but more locked. The air blast is directed little skyward, and makes the lurinx lug to vibrate. Or as гъ but deaf, without voice.
Example: пхъашэ - hard; техъагъу - shivering.
Хъу хъу
Labialized хъ
Example: шыпхъу-sister; хъун - become; шхъуантIэ - blue,
Хь хь
Close to English 'h' (heart), but pronounced softly, with lips articulation, which corresponds to pronunciation vowel and in English.
Example: тхьакIум - ear; кушъхьэ - mountain; сыхьат - hour.
Ц
Close to combination 'ts' ('bats'), but should be pronounced together.
Example: лыпцэ - muscle, цэ-teeth
Цу цу
Labialized ц. Close to English 'ts' ('tso').
Example: цуабзэ - plowshare; цуакъо - footwear.
ЦI цI
Close to ц + vocal cordses additional articulation, which herewith do not publish any sound and occurs the unswitching of speech organs with noise at the end of the sound.
Example: цIыфы -person; пцIы усын - defraud.
Чъ чъ
Close to ч. At breaking point of close organs larynxes is got sharp, staccato snapping sound.
Example: чъыгы - tree; чъэн - run.
ЧI чI
Close to ч + additional joining of vocal cordses, which are opened at the end of sound, publishing typical noise.
Example: чIыгу - land; упчIэн - ask.
Шъ шъ
Close to жъ but with no voice and more tense exhalation with aspiration.
Reminds 'sh' ('shop'). The Lips mildly ajar, tip of language mildly elated to the tubercle above the teeths. Air passes between tip of language and larynxes upper wall.
Example: шъхьэ - head; пшъашъэ - girl.
Шъу шъу
Labialized шъ.
Example: шъузы - wife; уцышъо~green.
ШI шI
Close to ш + the additional joining of vocal cordses, which at the end of sound are opened adding special tone.
Example: къэшIэн - guess; шIын - do, build; пшIы - ten.
ШIу шIу
Labialized шI. At sound termination lip accepting position as during prononcing 'oo' ('look'), form the slots betwen the lips air passes creating the additional noise reminiscent deaf whistle.
Example: шIу лъэгъун - like; IэшIу - sweet, tasty; шIои - dirty.
I
Laryngeal abruptive. The unswitching of close vocal cordses is formed with voice.
Example: Iэ -hand; иIэн - have; IэшIу - sweet, tasty.
Iу
Labialized I
Example: Iон - say; IукIэн - meet; Iужъу - thick.
Before to start reading the sections make sure that you correcttly understand this chapter and may correctly read the Circassian sounds.
Lesson (V). Adverbs
The Adverbs can be
formed from different speech elements by gaining suffix ~эу:
From verbs:
ГумэкIын - beware
МыгумэкIыхэу - unflappable
Джэгун - Play
Джэгунэу - playing
Щысын- sits
Щысэу - sitting
From adjectives:
тэрэз - correct
Тэрэзэу тхы! - write correctly
рэхьат - calm
рэхьатэу - calmly
псынкIэ - quick
псынкIэу - quickly
From other speech elements :
ежь - itself
Ежь-ежьэрэу иIофыр къэгъэухыгъ – He (she) has finished his (her) work by himself (herself).
From verbs:
ГумэкIын - beware
МыгумэкIыхэу - unflappable
Джэгун - Play
Джэгунэу - playing
Щысын- sits
Щысэу - sitting
From adjectives:
тэрэз - correct
Тэрэзэу тхы! - write correctly
рэхьат - calm
рэхьатэу - calmly
псынкIэ - quick
псынкIэу - quickly
From other speech elements :
ежь - itself
Ежь-ежьэрэу иIофыр къэгъэухыгъ – He (she) has finished his (her) work by himself (herself).
From
these are formed:
11 пшIыкIузы eleven
12 пшIыкIутIу twelve
13 пшIыкIущы thirteen
14 пшIыкIуплIы fourteen
15 пшIыкIутфы fifteen
16 пшIыкIухы sixteen
17 пшIыкIублы seventeen
18 пшIыкIуи eighteen
19 пшIыкIубгъу nineteen
21 тIоIкырэ зырэ twenty-one
22 тIоIкырэ тIурэ twenty two
23 тIоIкырэ щырэ twenty three
24 тIоIкырэ плIырэ twenty four …
31 щэкIырэ зырэ thirty one
32 щэкIырэ тIурэ thirty two
33 щэкIырэ щырэ thirty three
34 щэкIырэ плIырэ thirty four …
40 тIокIитIу fourty
41 тIокIитIурэ зырэ fourty one
42 тIокIитIурэ тIурэ fourty two
43 тIокIитIурэ щырэ fourty three
44 тIокIитIурэ плIырэ fourty four....
50 шъэнэкъо fifty [hundred- half]
51 шъэнкъэрэ зырэ fifty one
52 шъэнкъэрэ тIурэ fifty two
60 токIищ sixty [three twenties]
61 тIокIищырэ зырэ sixty one
62 тIокIищырэ тIурэ sixty two
70 тIокIищырэ пшIырэ seventy [sixty ten]
71 тIокIищырэ пшIыкIузырэ seventy one [sixty eleven]
72 тIокIищырэ пшIыкIутIурэ
80 токIиплI eighty [four twenties]
81 токIиплIырэ зырэ eighty one
82 токIиплIырэ тIурэ eighty two
90 токIиплIырэ пшIырэ ninety [eighty ten]
91 токIиплIырэ пшIыкIузырэ ninety one [eighty eleven]
92 токIиплIырэ пшIыкIутIурэ ninety two [eighty twelve]
101 шъэрэ зырэ one hundred one
102 шъэрэ тIурэ one hundred two
………
200 шъитIу two hundred [two hundreds]
201 шъитIурэ зырэ two hundred one
202 шъитIурэ тIурэ two hundred two and etc.
300 шъищ three hundred [three hundreds] and etc.
400 шъиплI four hundred [four hundreds] and etc.
500 шъитф five hundred [five сотен] and etc.
2000 минитIу two thousand
3000 минищ three thousand and etc.
11 пшIыкIузы eleven
12 пшIыкIутIу twelve
13 пшIыкIущы thirteen
14 пшIыкIуплIы fourteen
15 пшIыкIутфы fifteen
16 пшIыкIухы sixteen
17 пшIыкIублы seventeen
18 пшIыкIуи eighteen
19 пшIыкIубгъу nineteen
21 тIоIкырэ зырэ twenty-one
22 тIоIкырэ тIурэ twenty two
23 тIоIкырэ щырэ twenty three
24 тIоIкырэ плIырэ twenty four …
31 щэкIырэ зырэ thirty one
32 щэкIырэ тIурэ thirty two
33 щэкIырэ щырэ thirty three
34 щэкIырэ плIырэ thirty four …
40 тIокIитIу fourty
41 тIокIитIурэ зырэ fourty one
42 тIокIитIурэ тIурэ fourty two
43 тIокIитIурэ щырэ fourty three
44 тIокIитIурэ плIырэ fourty four....
50 шъэнэкъо fifty [hundred- half]
51 шъэнкъэрэ зырэ fifty one
52 шъэнкъэрэ тIурэ fifty two
60 токIищ sixty [three twenties]
61 тIокIищырэ зырэ sixty one
62 тIокIищырэ тIурэ sixty two
70 тIокIищырэ пшIырэ seventy [sixty ten]
71 тIокIищырэ пшIыкIузырэ seventy one [sixty eleven]
72 тIокIищырэ пшIыкIутIурэ
80 токIиплI eighty [four twenties]
81 токIиплIырэ зырэ eighty one
82 токIиплIырэ тIурэ eighty two
90 токIиплIырэ пшIырэ ninety [eighty ten]
91 токIиплIырэ пшIыкIузырэ ninety one [eighty eleven]
92 токIиплIырэ пшIыкIутIурэ ninety two [eighty twelve]
101 шъэрэ зырэ one hundred one
102 шъэрэ тIурэ one hundred two
………
200 шъитIу two hundred [two hundreds]
201 шъитIурэ зырэ two hundred one
202 шъитIурэ тIурэ two hundred two and etc.
300 шъищ three hundred [three hundreds] and etc.
400 шъиплI four hundred [four hundreds] and etc.
500 шъитф five hundred [five сотен] and etc.
2000 минитIу two thousand
3000 минищ three thousand and etc.
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